LINEWISE-TEMPLATE is a Common Lisp library for processing text files and streams as templates conforming to simple line-based hierarchical formats. It is primarily intended for metaprogramming purposes. [Use Case I] Suppose you have a program which generates some code in a C-like language, and you want the code to be inserted in a file which also has to contain handcrafted code all around the generated parts. In the spirit of exploratory programming, you occasionally modify both the handcrafted code and that part of the program which affects code generation. You can choose to keep the handcrafted part as literal data in your Lisp program (a list of strings or somesuch) and combine them manually, which can become quite ugly in complex cases. An arguably better approach is to use some kind of template. The following template can be processed by LINEWISE-TEMPLATE to replace the lines between @BEGIN GENERATED and @END GENERATED: #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include "serpent.h" #include "unicorn.h" int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { char *opts; serpent *s; // More vars... opts = parse_opts(argc, argv); s = init_serpent(opts); // More serpents and unicorns... /************ @BEGIN GENERATED ************/ // Automatically generated code belongs here /************ @END GENERATED ************/ kill_serpent(s); // More finalization... return 0; } If the template resides in a file called unicorn.c, the following expression causes the portion between the two lines — called “directives” in LINEWISE-TEMPLATE parlance — to be replaced with the value of (GENERATE-UNICORN-CODE): (linewise-template:process-template ((:file #P"example:path;to;unicorn.c" :update t :circumfix '("/(\\*{8,}) *" " *\\1/")) :copy ((:block "GENERATED") :replace :with (generate-unicorn-code) :preserve-directives t))) which basically means: copy lines from the file unicorn.c (option :FILE) to a new version of the same file (option :UPDATE), looking for directives in lines with multiple-asterisk comments (option :CIRCUMFIX), replacing the marked part, but keeping the directives that delimit it. Note that the file may still serve as template for this processor after having been updated. [Use Case II] Suppose you have a program which converts between two textual formats (called, rather cryptically, “serpent” and “unicorn”), and you want to create for it a suite of Eos or FiveAM unit tests each of which converts some serpent input to unicorn, and tests for equality with a reference unicorn text. You like to see your tests alongside the code that defines conversion functions for specific features of serpent; also, both serpent and unicorn can be heavy on double quotes and backslashes, meaning that you'd rather see them presented in raw text than in Lisp string literals. This leads you to a decision to wrap test specs in multiline comments in your Lisp code and rely on source file postprocessing. On some occasions, you want to test the feature that unicorn has, of embedding reports of conversion errors in the output text. However, unicorn's error format is bulky, and its exact presentation is subject to change in the course of your program's development cycle, meaning that you'd rather replace it with some convenient shorthand in your test spec. Here's how you go about the business using LINEWISE-TEMPLATE. Your tests shall be marked as blocks, that is, shall begin with a @BEGIN TEST X directive (where X stands for the name of the test) and end with an @END TEST directive. Inside, you'll mark the beginning of the source text with a @SERPENT, and the beginning of the reference output with a @UNICORN. Inside the reference output, you'll have errors designated by @ERROR Y M (where Y stands for the error type, and M for the error message). Here is a sample test template, with some ASCII art substituting for actual serpent and unicorn: #| @BEGIN TEST TOAD @SERPENT ________ / \ _____ / @..@ \ / \_( / (\--/) \ ____ / \_( / (.>__<.) \ / 0 \______/ \_(__________/ ^^^ ^^^ \___________________ >~'\v____^_^_^_^_(_^_^_^_^_^_^__________________^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^_^> @UNICORN . ,;,,;' ,;;'( __ ,;;' ' \ /' '\'~~'~' \ /'\.) ,;( ) / |. @ERROR INDIGESTION "Unexpected toad while parsing serpent body" ,;' \ /-.,,( ) \ ) / ) / )| || || \) (_\ (\ @END TEST |# Let's assume that you have defined the functions LIST-SOURCE-FILES which returns a list of paths; FORMAT-UNICORN-ERROR which takes a type and a message and returns a unicorn error presentation; and WRITE-TEST which takes a test name, a serpent input text, and a unicorn reference text, and writes them to some output file all wrapped up as an Eos / FiveAM (TEST ...) form. Your template processor could then look like this: (linewise-template:process-template ((:files (list-source-files)) :discard ((:block "TEST" test-name &aux serpent unicorn) :discard :do (write-test test-name serpent unicorn) ((:after "SERPENT") :copy :to (:var serpent)) ((:after "UNICORN") :copy :to (:var unicorn) ((:atomic "ERROR" type message) :replace :with (format-unicorn-error type message)))))) which means: skim over the lines in source files until you encounter a block delimited by @BEGIN TEST and @END TEST (without circumfixes in this case); bind TEST-NAME to the Lisp expression occuring after @BEGIN TEST in the directive line; inside the block, copy the lines after @SERPENT to a string referred to by the block-local auxiliary variable SERPENT and the lines after @UNICORN to a string referred to by the auxiliary variable UNICORN, while replacing every @ERROR line inside the portion after @UNICORN with the result of applying FORMAT-UNICORN-ERROR to the two expressions occuring after @ERROR; at the end of the block, output the test specified by the values of TEST-NAME, SERPENT and UNICORN. [The LINEWISE-TEMPLATE Dictionary] {variable} *DIRECTIVE-CIRCUMFIX* Prefix or circumfix of directive lines (when in comments etc.): a list of 0, 1 or 2 ppcre strings. Initial value is NIL. {variable} *DIRECTIVE-ESCAPE* String to introduce a directive. Initial value is "@". {variable} *DIRECTIVE-BASE-PACKAGES* List of packages which are to be used by the temporary package established for reading symbols in directives. Initial value is '(#:COMMON-LISP). {variable} *BACKUP-PATHNAME-SUFFIX* String added to file path in order to obtain the name of the backup file. Initial value is "~". {variable} *SOURCE-STREAM* Reference to the current source stream (the one from which a line most recently has been read. {variable} *SOURCE-LINE-COUNT* Reference to an integer incremented for each line read, and reset for each subsequent source stream. {macro} PROCESS-TEMPLATE SPEC Process the template specified by SPEC, which must have the following syntax: <SPEC> ::= (<SOURCE-SPEC> <ACTION-AND-OPTIONS> [ <SUBSPEC>* ]) <SOURCE-SPEC> ::= ([[ {<SOURCE-STREAM-SPEC>}1 | <SOURCE-OPTS>* ]]) <SOURCE-STREAM-SPEC> ::= :FILE <PATH> [[ <UPDATE-OPTS>* ]] | :FILES <PATHS> | :STRING <STRING> | :STRINGS <STRINGS> | :STREAM <STREAM> | :STREAMS <STREAMS> <UPDATE-OPTS> ::= :UPDATE <BOOLEAN> | :BACKUP <BOOLEAN> <SOURCE-OPTS> ::= :CIRCUMFIX <REGEXP-PARTS> | :ESCAPE <STRING> | :BASE-PACKAGES <PACKAGES> <ACTION-AND-OPTIONS> ::= :COPY [[ <COPY-OPTS>* ]] | :TRANSFORM [[ <TRANSFORM-OPTS>* ]] | :REPLACE [[ <REPLACE-OPTS>* ]] | :DISCARD [[ <DISCARD-OPTS>* ]] <COPY-OPTS> ::= :TO <DESTINATION> | <COMMON-OPTS> <TRANSFORM-OPTS> ::= :BY <FUNCTION> | :TO <DESTINATION> | <COMMON-OPTS> <REPLACE-OPTS> ::= :WITH <STRING-OR-NIL> | <COMMON-OPTS> <DISCARD-OPTS> ::= <COMMON-OPTS> <COMMON-OPTS> ::= :DO <EXPRESSION> | :PRESERVE-DIRECTIVES <BOOLEAN> <SUBSPEC> ::= (<SELECTOR> <ACTION-AND-OPTIONS> [ <SUBSPEC>* ]) <SELECTOR> ::= <NAME> | (:ATOMIC <NAME> [ <ARGS> [ <TRAILER-ARG> ]]) | (:BLOCK <NAME> [ <ARGS> [ <TRAILER-ARG> ]]) | (:AFTER <NAME> [ <ARGS> [ <TRAILER-ARG> ]]) <DESTINATION> ::= NIL | <STREAM> | (:VAR <VAR>) | (:FN <FUNCTION>) <NAME> ::= <string designator> <ARGS> ::= <destructuring lambda list> <TRAILER-ARG> ::= &TRAILER <VAR> ; &TRAILER is matched by name <VAR> ::= <symbol> <PATH> | <STRING> | <STRING-OR-NIL> | ; Evaluated to produce a single <STREAM> | <BOOLEAN> | <FUNCTION> ; value of the specified type ::= <expression> <PATHS> | <STRINGS> | <STREAMS> | ; Evaluated to produce a list of <PACKAGES> ::= <expression> ; values of the specified type <REGEXP-PARTS> :: <expression> ; Evaluated to produce a list of ; 0, 1 or 2 strings, conjoined ; to form a ppcre The sources specified in <SOURCE-SPEC> are read from by READ-LINE and the resulting lines processed in a dynamic environment where *DIRECTIVE-CIRCUMFIX*, *DIRECTIVE-ESCAPE* and *DIRECTIVE-BASE-PACKAGES* are bound to the values of the corresponding <SOURCE-OPTS> (when provided), *SOURCE-STREAM* is bound to the current source stream, and *SOURCE-LINE-COUNT* to the number of lines read from that stream. Lines are processed according to <ACTION-AND-OPTIONS> applying either to the whole source (those outside of any <SUBSPEC>), or to some part of the source delimited by “directives”. A directive is a line that has a prefix and suffix matching respectively the first and second element of *DIRECTIVE-CIRCUMFIX* (unless null), and a middle portion beginning with the string *DIRECTIVE-ESCAPE* (unless null), followed by keywords given by <SELECTOR>s of applicable <SUBSPEC>s, followed by zero or more whitespace-separated Lisp expressions, followed by zero or more trailer characters. In the following, we give examples of directives for *DIRECTIVE-ESCAPE* = \"@\" and *DIRECTIVE-CIRCUMFIX* = NIL; X stays for arbitrary names. A <SUBSPEC> with a (:BLOCK X ...) selector applies to any part of the source starting with a @BEGIN X directive and an ending with an @END X directive. A <SUBSPEC> with an (:AFTER X ...) selector applies to any part of the source starting with an @X directive and ending immediately before the start of any sibling <SUBSPEC>, or before the end of its parent <SUBSPEC>, whichever comes first. A <SUBSPEC> with an (:ATOMIC X ...) selector applies to just the directive line. A plain X selector is shorthand for (:ATOMIC X). Nested subspecs take precedence over their parent specs. Nested subspecs are not allowed inside atomic subspecs. :ATOMIC selectors are incompatible with :COPY and :TRANSFORM actions. If the <ACTION> is :COPY, affected lines are copied verbatim to <DESTINATION>. If the applicable (sub)spec specifies a non-stream destination, an output string-stream is used. If the destination is (:VAR X), the string associated with the stream is assigned to the variable X once all affected lines have been copied. If the destination is (:FN X), the function to which X evaluates is called on the associated string for side effects once all affected lines have been copied. If the (sub)spec does not specify any <DESTINATION>, it is inherited from the parent spec; for the topmost <SPEC> without an explicit destination, and for a <SPEC> that specifies :TO NIL, an output string-stream is used. However, if <SOURCE-STREAM-SPEC> includes the option :UPDATE T, the destination shall instead be a stream writing to a new version of the input file; additionally, the option :BACKUP T causes the prior version of the file to be backed up as if by (OPEN ... :IF-EXISTS :RENAME). If the <ACTION> is :TRANSFORM, affected lines are copied to a temporary string, the string is passed to the specified function, and the value returned by the function is written to the destination as if by :COPY. Subspecs of this spec shall inherit as destination an output stream writing to the temporary string. If the <ACTION> is :REPLACE, affected lines are not copied. Instead, the specified value (unless null) is written to the destination inherited from the parent spec. :DISCARD is a shorthand for :REPLACE :WITH NIL. If <SELECTOR> includes some <ARGS>, they are expected to form a destructuring lambda list. In this case, Lisp expressions are read from the directive line after the directive name: until the end of the line if <ARGS> contains a &REST and no &KEY keywords, or until the maximum possible number of arguments needed to satisfy the lambda list is obtained. The list of expressions is matched against <ARGS> as if by DESTRUCTURING-BIND. Lisp expressions inside the selector's <SUBSPEC> are then evaluated in a lexcial environment where variables from <ARGS> are bound to the data read, and the variable from <TRAILER-ARG> (if specified) is bound to a substring of the directive line after the end of the last expression read. Symbols occuring in the data are interned in a temporary package which inherits all external symbols from *DIRECTIVE-BASE-PACKAGES*. The option :DO X causes the expression X to be executed for side-effects after all affected lines have been processed. The option :PRESERVE-DIRECTIVES T causes the directive(s) delimiting the affected lines to be copied to the specified or inherited destination, except when both the applicable selector and its parent have :REPLACE or :DISCARD actions. The value returned by executing PROCESS-TEMPLATE is the string associated with the destination stream, if the action in <SPEC> is :COPY or :TRANSFORM, the <DESTINATION> is NIL or unspecified, and <SOURCE-STREAM-SPEC> does not specify :UPDATE T. Otherwise, the value is NIL. [License and Support] LINEWISE-TEMPLATE has been written and is maintained by Boris Smilga <boris.smilga@gmail.com>. It is distributed under the BSD 3-clause license (see the file LICENSE for details).